Climate security refers to any threats or risks to states, societies, and individual citizens directly or indirectly caused by climate change. Climate variability and climate extreme events are impacting food, land and water systems thereby threatening agriculture productivity, and diminishing natural resources of land and water, which increases resource-based conflicts.
Ethiopia is considered one of the most susceptible countries to climate change-related shocks, including droughts, floods, and desert locust infestation, leading to massive losses. This vulnerability also stems from political, socioeconomic, and geographic conditions, which remain unfavourable. Agriculture is critical to the National GDP, accounting for 40% of the GDP while employing 78% of the workforce. It is considered a least developed country with more than 100 million population. Nearly 80% of the population lives in the rural area practicing smallholder farming.
Sudan is a signatory to UNFCCC and is committed to the Paris Agreement. It has developed enabling policies and legislative frameworks to deal with climate change and fulfil its international commitments. Key among them is the National Adaptation Plan and the Updated NDC 2022. According to the Updated NDC 2022, Sudan is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 38% in the energy sector (12.4 Mt CO2e), 45% in the forestry sector (13.4 Mt CO2e), and 20% in the waste sector (1.3 Mt CO2e) by 2030 compared to business-as-usual, conditional on external support. Due to its high level of vulnerability, climate adaptation remains its highest priority, focusing on agriculture, water, health and coastal zones. Over the next ten years, Sudan will require 8.24 billion USD to implement its priority mitigation and adaptation measures.